Describe the full and semi-managed modes

跨境电商的全托管和半托管是两种不同的业务模式，主要区别卖家在运营过程中参与程度和平台角色定位。

全托管模式是由平台负责大部分运营工作，卖家只需定期向平台提供库存，确保销售的连续性。平台会负责商品的销售、物流、售后等全部环节，卖家则成为供应商，本质上整合了供应链。这种模式更适合那些希望专注于产品研发和生产的卖家，尤其是工厂型卖家。例如，Temu平台的全托管模式就是一个典型例子，它通过官方审核后，将商品链接到海外平台，实现了卖家与平台的共赢。

半托管模式是一种介于自主运营和全托管之间的模式。在这种模式下，卖家拥有更大的自主权，可以自行定价？和销售商品。平台则提供物流仓储、专属营销活动、反向退货等运营支持解决方案。这种模式适合那些希望保持对产品定价和推广控制权的卖家。例如，速卖通在半托管模式下采用定向邀请制，首批受邀商户主要为平台自营商户。同时，自营门店的产品可以无缝加入速卖通的半托管模式服务，无需重新发布，操作方便。

全托管模式是指商家只负责产品的供给，上架、流量、发货、售后等工作都交由平台来负责的运营模式；半托管模式是指商家自主定价？、销售，平台提供物流仓配、专属营销活动、逆向退货等运营支持方案的运营模式。

The full hosting and semi-hosting of cross-border e-commerce are two different business models, which mainly distinguish the seller’s participation in the operation process and the platform’s role positioning.

In the fully managed model, the platform is responsible for most of the operational work, and the seller only needs to provide inventory to the platform regularly to ensure the continuity of sales. The platform will be responsible for all aspects of commodity sales, logistics, after-sales and so on, and sellers will become suppliers, essentially integrating the supply chain. This model is more suitable for sellers who want to focus on product development and production, especially factory sellers. For example, the full hosting model of the Temu platform is a typical example, which links goods to overseas platforms after official review, achieving a win-win situation for sellers and platforms.

Semi-managed model is a model between autonomous operation and full managed model. In this model, sellers have more autonomy and can set their own prices. And sell goods. The platform provides logistics warehousing, dedicated marketing activities, reverse returns and other operational support solutions. This model works for sellers who want to maintain control over the pricing and promotion of their products. For example, AliExpress adopts a directional invitation system under the semi-managed model, and the first batch of invited merchants are mainly platform self-owned merchants. At the same time, the products of self-operated stores can seamlessly join AliExpress’s semi-managed mode service, without re-publishing, and easy to operate.

Full hosting mode refers to the business is only responsible for the supply of products, shelves, traffic, delivery, after-sales and other work by the platform to be responsible for the operation mode; Does the semi-managed model mean that merchants set their own prices? Sales, the platform provides logistics warehouse allocation, exclusive marketing activities, reverse returns and other operational support programs.